Category: Pharmacology

Dovato: Uses, Dosage, Side effects & More

Dovato is a prescription medicine that is used without other antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV-1 infection in adults who have not received HIV-1 medicines in the past, or to replace their current HIV-1 medicines when their healthcare provider determines that they meet certain requirements.

Delsym: Uses, Dosage, Side effects & More

Delsym Generic name: acetaminophen and dextromethorphan Drug class: Upper respiratory combinations Medically reviewed by  A Ras MD. What is Delsym? Delsym is a prescription medicine that is used to relieve coughing. Before taking Delsym, tell your doctor: If you are allergic to Delsym; any part of this medicine; or any other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell […]

Dupilumab: Uses, Dosage, Side effects & More

Dupilumab Generic name: dupilumab Brand name: Dupixent Dosage form: subcutaneous injection Drug class: Interleukin inhibitors Medically reviewed by  A Ras MD. What is dupilumab? Dupilumab is used to treat eczema. It is used to treat asthma. Dupilumab is also used to treat long-term sinus problems with nose polyps. For asthma, do not use dupilumab to treat an asthma attack. […]

Duopa: Uses, Dosage, Side effects & More

Duopa is a prescription medicine that is used to treat Parkinson’s disease. It is used to treat signs like Parkinson’s disease caused by other health problems. Duopa may be given to you for other reasons. 

DuoNeb: Uses, Dosage, Side effects & More

The active components in DuoNeb® (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) Inhalation Solution are albuterol sulfate and ipratropium bromide.

Albuterol sulfate, is a salt of racemic albuterol and a relatively selective β2-adrenergic bronchodilator chemically described as α1-[(tert-butylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-mxylene-α, α’-diol sulfate (2:1) (salt). It has a molecular weight of 576.7 and the empirical formula is (C13H21NO3)2•H2SO4. It is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. The World Health Organization recommended name for albuterol base is salbutamol.

Figure 3 1-1: Chemical structure of albuterol sulfate

Albuterol Sulfate Structural Formula Illustration
Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic bronchodilator chemically described as 8azoniabicyclo [3.2.1]-octane, 3-(3-hydroxy-1-oxo-2-phenylpropoxy)-8methyl-8-(1methylethyl)-, bromide, monohydrate (endo, syn)-, (±)-; a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound, chemically related to atropine. It has a molecular weight of 430.4 and the empirical formula is C20H30BrNO3•H2O. It is a white crystalline substance, freely soluble in water and lower alcohols, and insoluble in lipophilic solvents such as ether, chloroform, and fluorocarbons.

Figure 3. 1-2: Chemical structure of ipratropium bromide.

Ipratropium Bromide Structural Formula Illustration
Each 3 mL vial of DuoNeb (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) contains 3.0 mg (0.1%) of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 2.5 mg (0.083%) of albuterol base) and 0.5 mg (0.017%) of ipratropium bromide in an isotonic, sterile, aqueous solution containing sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid to adjust to pH 4, and edetate disodium, USP (a chelating agent).

DuoNeb (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) is a clear, colorless solution. It does not require dilution prior to administration by nebulization. For DuoNeb (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) Inhalation Solution, like all other nebulized treatments, the amount delivered to the lungs will depend on patient factors, the jet nebulizer utilized, and compressor performance. Using the Pari-LC-Plus™ nebulizer (with face mask or mouthpiece) connected to a PRONEB™ compressor system, under in vitro conditions, the mean delivered dose from the mouth piece (% nominal dose) was approximately 46% of albuterol and 42% of ipratropium bromide at a mean flow rate of 3.6 L/min. The mean nebulization time was 15 minutes or less. DuoNeb (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) should be administered from jet nebulizers at adequate flow rates, via face masks or mouthpieces

Duexis: Uses, Dosage, Side effects & More

Duexis is a prescription medicine used torelieve the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, decrease the risk of developing ulcers of the stomach and upper intestines (upper gastrointestinal ulcers) in people taking ibuprofen for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.